"I believe that emotional abuse results in greater, both in numbers and intensity, personality disorders than physical abuse. It is an abstract infliction. The pretense of a non violent environment is false. The family is invaded by silent screams and denial. No bruises, nor broken bones to point to, so no external acknowledgement of the pain. This is not a discovery but a scientific validation of what great clinicians have utilized meticulously in their treatment plans for decades."
Dr. Shandiz Zandi
Emotional abuse may be as harmful as physical abuse and neglect. This finding led by a team of researchers at McGill complements previous imaging research showing that emotional and physical pain both activate the same parts of the brain.
Different types of abuse, same consequences
Emotional abuse, which includes behaviors such as ridicule, intimidation, rejection, and humiliation, is much more common than physical abuse and neglect. Worldwide prevalence estimates suggest that approximately one third of children experience emotional abuse. However, "although people assume physical abuse is more harmful than other types of abuse, we found that they are associated with similar consequences," says David Vachon, a McGill professor in the Department of Psychology and the study's first author. "These consequences are wide-ranging and include everything from anxiety and depression to rule-breaking and aggression." The discovery may pave the way for more effective means of addressing how different forms of child abuse should be recognized and treated.
Summer camp shows kids of all stripes
Vachon, working with his former post-doctoral mentor Robert Krueger, used data from a study by Dante Cicchetti (University of Minnesota) and Fred Rogosch (University of Rochester) that was conducted through Mt. Hope Family Center. Cicchetti and Rogosh have been running a summer research camp for over 20 years to study low-income, school-aged children ages 5-13 years. About half of the camp-goers had a well-documented history of child maltreatment. Various types of child-, peer-, and counselor-reports were used to assess psychiatric and behavioral problems, and the camp counsellors were not told which campers were abused. Using their data, Vachon studied 2,300 racially and ethnically diverse boys and girls who participated in the summer camp.
Different types of child abuse have equivalent, broad, and universal effects
"We also tested other assumptions about child maltreatment," adds Vachon, "including the belief that each type of abuse has specific consequences, and the belief that the abuse has different consequences for boys and girls of different races." Once again, the study produced surprising findings: "We found that these assumptions might also be wrong. In fact, it seems as though different types of child abuse have equivalent, broad, and universal effects."
Need to rethink beliefs about child abuse
The study may significantly change how researchers, clinicians, and the public think about child abuse. "One implication," adds Vachon, "is that effective treatments for maltreatment of any sort are likely to have comprehensive benefits. Another implication is that prevention strategies should emphasize emotional abuse, a widespread cruelty that is far less punishable than other types of child maltreatment."
When asked about next steps, Vachon said, "One plan is to examine the way abuse changes personality itself -- does it change who we are? The point is to go beyond symptoms and ask whether abuse changes the way we tend to think, feel, and act."
Story Source:
The above post is reprinted from materials provided by McGill University.Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
Journal Reference:
- David D. Vachon, Robert F. Kruger, Fred Rogosch, Dante Cicchetti.Assessment of the Harmful Psychiatric and Behavioral Effects of Different Forms of Child Maltreatment. JAMA Psychiatry, 2015 DOI:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1792
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